The price puzzle and monetary policy transmission mechanism in Pakistan: Structural vector autoregressive approach

This paper address the issue of monetary policy effectiveness and the price puzzle, a positive response of prices to monetary tightening, in Pakistan. Study examines the effects of monetary policy shock on price level and other macroeconomic variables such as output, exchange rate and money supply within the structural VAR framework over the period 1992: M1 to 2010:M08. We find that a contractionary monetary policy shock has a positive effect on prices and the output increase over some horizon following the monetary tightening but continuously falls after initial rise. The results also indicate that monetary contractions in Pakistan over period reviewed associated with persistent depreciation of domestic currency value relative to the U.S. dollar.Monetary policy, Price puzzle, Structural VAR, Pakistan

Impact of Devaluation on Trade Balance in Pakistan

The purpose of this paper is to find the impact of devaluation on trade balance in Pakistan in both long and short run using bound testing approach to Cointegration and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). The result shows that devaluation is effective in improving trade balance and there is a cointegrated relationship between the real effective exchange rate and trade balance in the long run.

Classifying Tweets with Keras and TensorFlow using RNN (Bi-LSTM)

Understanding public opinion, sentiment analysis, and subject recognition have all become more and more important as social media platforms have grown exponentially. The methodology for categorizing tweets using Keras and TensorFlow with a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) units, is presented in this research article. The method uses word embeddings and other properties to improve tweet representation, allowing the model to reliably identify specified categories and capture contextual connections. Our RNN-LSTM model beats baseline methods after extensive testing and evaluation, proving its suitability for tweet classification applications. The model's comprehension of tweet content is further improved by the incorporation of pre-trained word embeddings as well as features like emotion scores and hashtags. The approach offers a thorough framework for using deep learning methods in tweet classification, opening the door for uses cases including sentiment analysis, topic recognition, and opinion mining. By providing knowledge on the possibilities of RNN-LSTM models and their use in comprehending and analysing social media data, this research makes a contribution to the area. The results emphasise how crucial it is to take temporal dynamics and contextual factors into account while handling tweet classification jobs. Future research may concentrate on researching other pre-trained embeddings, investigating advanced RNN architectures, and solving issues with noisy and biassed twitter data. Overall, the large volume of information published on social networking sites like Twitter may now be better understood and analysed thanks to this research. &nbsp

Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurship

Emotional intelligence is defined to guide behavior, thoughts, effective communicating with family and within organizations. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship. Survey method has been conducted for data collection. The study has selected a sample of 300 people. The study uses two questionnaires, one for emotional intelligence based on Bar-On questionnaire and the other for entrepreneurship,. Reliability for Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire was calculated 0.85 by Cronbach's alpha and for entrepreneurship was 0.81. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software and the results showed that there was a meaningful and positive relationship between entrepreneurship and all five dimensions of emotional intelligence, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, mood, impulse control and compatibility

Maternal education, empowerment, economic status and child polio vaccination uptake in Pakistan: a population based cross sectional study

Objectives: To explore the association of maternal education and empowerment with childhood polio vaccination using nationally representative data of Pakistani mothers in a reproductive age group. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Secondary analysis of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), 2012–2013 data was performed. Participants: Of the 13 558 mothers included in the survey sample, 6982 mothers were able to provide information regarding polio vaccinations. Main outcome measures: Polio vaccination coverage among children aged up to 5 years was categorised as complete vaccination (all four oral polio vaccine (OPV) doses), incomplete vaccination, and no vaccination (zero OPV dose received). Mothers' empowerment status was assessed using standard ‘Measure DHS’ questions regarding their involvement in decision-making related to health, household possessions and visits among family and friends. Education was categorised as no education, primary, secondary and higher education. Results of multinomial regression analyses were reported as adjusted OR with 95% CI. We adjusted for age, wealth index, urban/rural residence, place of delivery, and antenatal and postnatal visits. Results: Only 56.4% (n=3936) of the children received complete polio vaccination. Women with no education had significantly higher odds of their child receiving no polio vaccination (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.05 to 5.18; p<0.01) and incomplete vaccination (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.87; p<0.01). Further, unempowered women also had significantly higher odds of not taking their child for any polio vaccination (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.12; p<0.01) and incomplete vaccination (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.41; p=0.04). Conclusions: Illiteracy, socioeconomic status and empowerment of women remained significant factors linked to poorer uptake of routine polio vaccination

Tail risk and its implications on the Norwegian equity market

Masteroppgave i bedriftsøkonomi - Nord universitet, 201

Mycoviruses infecting the forest pathogen Heterobasidion annosum : Mutual interactions and host reactions

The fungal species complex Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l.) is considered one of the most devastating conifer pathogens in the boreal forest region. They affect European coniferous forests with root and butt rot, causing annual economic losses of €800 million. Despite several efforts in practical forestry to control the disease, the economic loss remains considerable. Therefore, it is still necessary to introduce alternate control measures for Heterobasidion infection. Heterobasidion spp. are infected by a diverse community of mycoviruses, mostly partitiviruses. Here, these viruses were studied to find potential viruses for biocontrol purposes. We described six novel Heterobasidion partitivirus (HetPV) species phylogenetically related to Helicobasidium mompa partitivirus V70 that infect four pathogenic Heterobasidion species. Interestingly, our study revealed that HetPV13-an1 causes severe phenotypic debilitation in its native and exotic fungal host. The RNA sequencing of isogenic virus infected and cured fungal strains showed that HetPV13-an1 affected the transcription of 683 genes. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that the response toward HetPV13-an1 infection varied between H. annosum and H. parviporum. Moreover, the wood colonization efficacy of H. parviporum infected by HetPV13-an1 was restricted in living Norway spruce trees. The ratio of polymerase and coat protein genome segments/transcripts of eight partitiviruses analysed was highly variable in mycelia. All the virus species had unique ratios of the genome segments, which were stable over different temperatures and hosts. The co-infection with HetPV13-an1 and HetPV15-pa1 reduced host growth up to 95%. Regarding the transmission efficacy of mycoviruses, HetPV15-pa1 transmission to a pre-infected host was elevated from zero to 50% by the presence of HetPV13-an1, and a double infection of these viruses in the donor resulted in an overall transmission rate of 90%. Altogether, the study demonstrated that the interplay between co-infecting viruses and their host is highly complex and that partitiviruses show potential for biocontrol